Turing test
Proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 as a criterion for machine intelligence based on indistinguishability from human conversation. Remains a reference point in debates about AI cognition.
1 milestone
John Searle Publishes the Chinese Room Argument
In 1980, John Searle at the University of California, Berkeley published 'Minds, Brains, and Programs' in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, presenting the Chinese Room thought experiment to argue that executing a computer program is insufficient to produce understanding or intentionality, directly challenging claims of strong artificial intelligence.