Probabilistic and Bayesian methods
20 milestones used this technique.
Reinforcement learning framework proposed to model T-cell adaptive immune response
In 2021, researchers published in Physical Review Research a theoretical framework proposing that T-cell receptor signalling during adaptive immunity can be formally described as a reinforcement learning process, connecting immunological learning to established machine-learning theory.
Milad Abolhasani and colleagues demonstrated Artificial Chemist 2.0, an autonomous flow chemistry platform for quantum dot synthesis
In December 2020, Milad Abolhasani's group at North Carolina State University published Artificial Chemist 2.0, an autonomous flow chemistry system combining machine learning with robotic synthesis to navigate a space of approximately 20 million quantum dot formulations and produce a target material within roughly 30 minutes of initiating a search.
Blue Brain Project Digital Reconstruction of the Rat Somatosensory Cortex Microcircuitry
On 8 October 2015, Henry Markram and colleagues at the Blue Brain Project published a detailed computational reconstruction of 31,000 neurons and 37 million synapses in a 0.29 mm³ column of juvenile rat somatosensory cortex, creating the first large-scale digital model of a mammalian cortical microcircuit.
Spaun: A Large-Scale Functional Brain Model Capable of Performing Multiple Cognitive Tasks
In November 2012, Chris Eliasmith and colleagues at the University of Waterloo published a description of Spaun (Semantic Pointer Architecture Unified Network) in Science, presenting a 2.5-million-neuron brain model capable of performing eight distinct cognitive tasks, including digit recognition, question answering, and list recall.
Google Launches Google Now Predictive Information Assistant
Google launched Google Now at Google I/O on 27 June 2012, bundled with Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean). The system used contextual signals (location, search history, calendar entries and travel data) to surface unsolicited, time-relevant information cards without requiring an explicit query.
IBM Watson Defeats Human Champions on Jeopardy!
In February 2011, IBM's Watson system defeated Jeopardy! champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter across three televised episodes, demonstrating that a computer could parse ambiguous natural-language clues and retrieve factual answers competitively against expert human players.
Robot Scientist Adam
In April 2009, researchers at Aberystwyth University and the University of Cambridge published in Science an account of Adam, an automated laboratory system that independently formulated hypotheses about yeast gene function, designed and executed experiments, and interpreted results without human intervention during the cycle.
Stanford Racing Team's Stanley Wins DARPA Grand Challenge 2005
On 8 October 2005, a Stanford University team led by Sebastian Thrun entered Stanley, a modified Volkswagen Touareg, in the DARPA Grand Challenge. Stanley completed the 131.6-mile (211.8 km) Mojave Desert course autonomously in under 7 hours, finishing first and winning the $2 million prize.
Blue Brain Project Launch
In 2005, neuroscientist Henry Markram at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne launched the Blue Brain Project in collaboration with IBM, with the goal of constructing a biologically detailed computational model of the mammalian neocortical column using an IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer.
NASA Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity Begin Autonomous Surface Operations
NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars in January 2004 and used onboard autonomous navigation software to traverse the Martian surface, making decisions about safe paths without real-time human control due to communication delays of up to 20 minutes.
TEXTAL System for AI-Assisted Automated Protein Model Building
In 2003, Thomas R. Ioerger and James C. Sacchettini at Texas A&M University described TEXTAL, a pattern-recognition system that automatically traced atomic models through crystallographic electron density maps, substantially reducing the manual labour required in protein structure determination.
Machine Learning Detection of Least Significant Bit Steganography
Around 2003, researchers published work applying machine learning classifiers to the detection of least significant bit steganography in digital images, training models to distinguish unaltered carrier images from those embedding hidden data in both uncompressed and compressed formats.
DARPA Centibots Project
DARPA funded the Centibots project, a multi-institution effort to demonstrate coordinated autonomous mapping and search using up to 100 mobile robots simultaneously, with results reported from 2003. It addressed whether large teams of robots could self-organise without continuous human supervision.
Autographer: Autonomous Robot Photographer Deployed at AAAI/IAAI 2003
In 2003, Selene Mota and Rosalind Picard at the MIT Media Lab deployed an autonomous mobile robot called Autographer at IAAI 2003. Over five days it navigated a conference environment, interacted with roughly 5,000 people, and captured more than 3,000 photographs, 35% of which recipients requested by email.
Hawk-Eye Ball-Tracking System Developed by Paul Hawkins at Roke Manor Research
In 2001, Paul Hawkins, working at Roke Manor Research in Hampshire, developed Hawk-Eye, a computer-vision system that triangulates footage from multiple broadcast cameras to reconstruct the three-dimensional trajectory of a sports ball in near real time, first used in cricket television coverage.
BackRub Web Crawler Introduces Link-Based Page Ranking at Stanford
In March 1996, Larry Page, a PhD student at Stanford University, launched the BackRub web crawler to analyse the backlink structure of the web, laying the algorithmic foundation for what would become Google's PageRank system.
IBM TJ Watson Research Center Publishes Statistical Approach to Machine Translation
In August 1988, researchers at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, including Peter F. Brown, John Cocke, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Fredrick Jelinek, Robert L. Mercer, and Paul S. Roossin, presented a statistical framework for machine translation at COLING 1988, replacing rule-based linguistics with probabilistic models trained on bilingual text corpora.
Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference Published by Judea Pearl
In 1988, Judea Pearl of UCLA published Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference with Morgan Kaufmann, providing a systematic framework for representing and computing with uncertain knowledge using Bayesian networks and belief propagation algorithms.
Ernst Dickmanns and VaMoRs Autonomous Van Test, Bundeswehr University Munich
In 1986, Ernst Dickmanns and colleagues at Bundeswehr University Munich demonstrated VaMoRs, a Mercedes-Benz van retrofitted with cameras and real-time computer vision, capable of autonomous driving on traffic-free roads at speeds up to approximately 96 km/h, marking one of the earliest working autonomous vehicle demonstrations.
Human Associative Memory (HAM) Model Published by John R. Anderson and Gordon H. Bower
In 1973, John R. Anderson and Gordon H. Bower, both at Stanford University, published 'Human Associative Memory', introducing the HAM model, a propositional network architecture representing semantic memory as binary trees, providing a computationally explicit theory of human memory that influenced subsequent cognitive architectures.